• Endoscopy became the dominant diagnostic modality, enabling direct visualization and reducing radiology-dependence across GI disease. Early endoscopy in bleeding, GI tract evaluation after surgery, and fibre-optic studies consistently achieved higher diagnostic yields than radiographic approaches, illustrating radiology’s limits and endoscopy's diagnostic supremacy [6], [7], [12], [1].

• ERCP and pancreato-cholangiography emerged as central tools for pancreaticobiliary disease, enabling ductal visualization and targeted diagnosis. Technique-development reports and clinical experiences document high diagnostic yield in pancreatic cancer and biliary disorders, alongside evolving cannulation methods and ductal imaging [18], [13], [9], [W194432?], [15], [10].

• Anatomical/topographic baselines and morphometric data underlie interpretation of endoscopic and radiologic imaging. Normal pancreatic duct measurements, dimensional analyses, and reference ranges were established to distinguish variation from pathology, informing both endoscopic and radiologic assessments [2], [5], [10].

• Multimodal imaging studies evaluated the additive value of combining EMI/US/CT with ERCP-based imaging, shaping integrated algorithms for pancreatic disease assessment. Comparative assessments quantified clinical impact and guided sequential testing strategies [16], [20].

• Fiberendoscopy adoption advanced rapidly, with pediatric GI endoscopy and fiberoptic techniques expanding indications and diagnostic yield, highlighting the shift to small-caliber, flexible devices in diverse GI settings [17], [12].